Ontario CDL Study Guide 2026 — Free Cheat Sheet

A combination vehicle such as a semi-trailer unit has an off-track of the rear wheels of the tractor unit, and an even greater off-track of the rear wheels of the semi. The amount of off-track depends on the length of the combination and the wheel base of the units. Drivers must account for off-track to avoid running rear wheels over curbs and sidewalks.

• ✓The rear wheels of a semi have greater off-track than the rear wheels of the tractor unit
• ✓The amount of off-track depends on the length of the combination and the wheel base of the units
• ✓If possible, do not change lanes to turn

Right turns at intersections require you to lead the turning arc according to the amount of off-track to avoid running rear wheels over curbs and sidewalks. Proceed well into the intersection before beginning the turn. Use more space from the road you are leaving than from the road you are entering. Move close to the left side of your lane, then make the turn using space from the road you are entering.

• ✓Lead the turning arc according to the amount of off-track
• ✓Use more space from the road you are leaving than the road you are entering
• ✓You may have to cross the centre line or travel into the second traffic lane of the street entered
• ✓The critical point is reached when the tractor is at the sharpest point of the turn in relation to the trailer, as vision through your right rear view mirror is limited

You must be aware of and allow for any off-track when making a left turn. Use your left outside mirror to monitor the trailer's path, otherwise the trailer might hit a vehicle or a sign post on an island. Turn in a wide arc before bringing the vehicle back to its proper position just right of the centre line.

• ✓Use your left outside mirror to monitor the trailer's path during left turns
• ✓Turn the vehicle in a wide arc before bringing it back to its proper position just right of the centre line
• ✓As you increase speed and when safe, move to the right lane

When driving a tractor-trailer on a narrow street, you may need to use some or all of the left lane to get around a corner without the rear wheels going up on the curb. When it is necessary to block off another traffic lane, ensure smaller vehicles, motorcycles or cyclists are not attempting to move up along the right side of your vehicle.

• ✓Use extreme caution and ensure the movement can be made safely
• ✓Make sure smaller vehicles, motorcycles or cyclists are not moving up along your right side when blocking a lane

Warning signs alert drivers to dangerous or unusual conditions ahead such as curves, turns, dips or sideroads. They are usually diamond-shaped with a yellow background and black letters or symbols.

• ✓Warning signs are diamond-shaped with yellow background and black symbols
• ✓They warn of hazards such as curves, turns, dips or sideroads ahead

A maximum vertical clearance sign (e.g. 3.9 metres) indicates a structure may not accommodate a tall vehicle; drivers of tall vehicles must choose an alternate route. Other signs advise trucks to slow for curves with a small radius, warn that trucks over 10 tonnes should not use a roadway, or indicate truck/bus/fire truck entrances.

• ✓Tall vehicles must take an alternate route if height exceeds posted maximum vertical clearance
• ✓A truck symbol on the right/left shows which side a truck entrance is on
• ✓Trucks over 10 tonnes may be advised not to use a marked roadway

Signs warn of railway crossings (showing the angle tracks cross the road), snowmobile crossings, deer crossings, bumps/uneven pavement, falling rock, water over the road, pedestrians, and school-related crossings and hidden school bus stops.

• ✓Slow down and be alert for trains at a railway crossing sign
• ✓At a hidden school bus stop, slow down and watch for a bus with flashing red lights
• ✓Follow directions of crossing guards at school crossings

Warning signs alert drivers to dangerous or unusual conditions ahead such as curves, turns, dips or sideroads. They are usually diamond-shaped with a yellow background and black letters or symbols.

• ✓Warning signs are diamond-shaped with yellow background and black symbols
• ✓They warn of curves, turns, dips, sideroads and other hazards ahead

A maximum vertical clearance sign (e.g. 3.9 m) indicates an upcoming structure may not allow room for a tall vehicle, so tall vehicle drivers should choose an alternate route. An OVERHEIGHT sign warns the same condition.

• ✓A 3.9 m clearance sign means tall vehicles must choose an alternate route
• ✓Overheight signs warn a structure may not provide room for a tall vehicle

Some warning signs advise trucks to slow down around a curve due to its smaller radius. A MAXIMUM 10 tonnes sign advises trucks over 10 tonnes not to use the roadway.

• ✓Trucks should slow down for curves with a smaller radius
• ✓Trucks over 10 tonnes are advised not to use a roadway posting that limit

Signs warn where a divided highway begins (keep right, each road carries one-way traffic), where it ends (two-way traffic on same road ahead, keep right), right lane ends (merge safely to the left), traffic lights ahead, steep hill ahead (use lower gear), and two roads merging into one.

• ✓At a divided highway begins/ends sign, keep to the right-hand road
• ✓When the right lane ends, merge safely with traffic in the left lane
• ✓On steep hill warnings you may need to use a lower gear
• ✓Where two roads merge, both drivers are equally responsible for merging safely

A hidden school bus stop warning means slow down, drive with extra caution, and watch for children and a school bus with flashing red lights. School crossing signs mean watch for children and follow the crossing guard or safety patroller.

• ✓At a hidden school bus stop sign, slow down and watch for a bus with flashing red lights
• ✓At school crossings, follow the directions of the crossing guard or safety patroller

Warning signs indicate narrow bridges, branching roads, upcoming intersections (arrow shows right-of-way direction), roundabouts (reduce speed, counter-clockwise arrows show traffic flow), hidden traffic views, pavement narrowing, and bends/curves of varying severity.

• ✓Reduce speed when approaching a roundabout; traffic flows counter-clockwise
• ✓An intersection sign arrow shows which direction has right-of-way

A sign posted under a curve warning shows the maximum safe speed for that curve. Chevron (arrowhead) signs are posted in groups to guide drivers around sharp curves. Sharp bend/turn signs with checkerboard borders warn of danger and require slowing down.

• ✓The speed sign under a curve warning shows the maximum safe speed for the curve
• ✓Chevron signs are grouped to guide drivers around sharp curves
• ✓Checkerboard borders warn of danger at sharp turns

Signs warn of slippery-when-wet pavement, hazards close to the road edge (downward lines show the safe side to pass), divided highway begins/ends, right lane ends (merge left), lanes merging, and steep hills where a lower gear may be needed.

• ✓Downward lines on a hazard marker show the side on which you may safely pass
• ✓When the right lane ends you must merge safely with traffic on your left
• ✓Use a lower gear when descending a steep hill

These signs warn of an upcoming entrance on the right (or left if the symbol shows it on the left) for trucks, buses or fire trucks. Drivers must be aware of these vehicles entering the roadway.

• ✓Truck/bus/fire truck entrance is on the right unless the symbol is shown on the left
• ✓Be prepared for these vehicles entering the roadway ahead

Signs warn of a narrow bridge, road branching off, intersection ahead (arrow shows which direction has right-of-way), roundabout ahead (counter-clockwise arrows), obstructed side-road view, pavement narrowing, and lane-end merges.

• ✓An intersection arrow shows which traffic direction has the right-of-way
• ✓Roundabout counter-clockwise arrows show the direction of vehicle traffic
• ✓Reduce speed when approaching a roundabout

Signs warn of slight bends, sharp bends/turns and winding roads. A speed tab posted under a curve warning shows the maximum safe speed. Chevron (arrowhead) signs are posted in groups to guide drivers around sharp curves.

• ✓A speed sign under a curve warning shows the maximum safe speed for that curve
• ✓Chevron signs are posted in groups to guide drivers around sharp curves

Signs warn of lift/swing bridges, paved surface ending, bicycle crossings, stop sign ahead (slow down), share the road with oncoming traffic and cyclists, slippery-when-wet pavement, and roadside hazards where downward lines show the side to pass safely.

• ✓Slow down when a stop sign is posted ahead
• ✓On slippery-when-wet pavement, slow down and drive with caution
• ✓On a hazard marker, the downward lines show the side you may safely pass

Signs warn of snowmobile crossings, deer crossings, bumps/uneven pavement (slow down and keep control), and railway crossings (be alert for trains; sign shows the crossing angle). A checkerboard-border arrow warns of a sharp danger turn.

• ✓At railway crossing signs, be alert for trains and note the crossing angle
• ✓Slow down and keep control over bumps and uneven pavement
• ✓A checkerboard border warns of danger at a sharp turn

Signs show maximum safe speed on a ramp, warn to share the road with pedestrians, watch for fallen rock and be ready to avoid collision, and warn of water flowing over the road.

• ✓Ramp speed signs show the maximum safe speed for that ramp
• ✓Watch for and be prepared to avoid fallen rock or water over the road

Brake fluid is required for the hydraulic brake system to operate. Loss of brake fluid can cause brakes to malfunction or fail completely. During inspection, open the hood and check the brake-fluid reservoirs.

• ✓Minor defect: brake fluid level is below the minimum mark set by the manufacturer
• ✓Major defect: reservoir is less than one-quarter full
• ✓Major defect: a brake-fluid leak is noticeable

Brake fluid is required for the hydraulic brake system to operate. A low fluid level or leak can cause brakes to malfunction or fail. Candidates must distinguish between minor and major defect thresholds based on the reservoir level relative to manufacturer markings.

• ✓Minor defect: brake fluid level is below the manufacturer's minimum mark
• ✓Major defect: brake-fluid reservoir is less than one-quarter full
• ✓During inspection, open the hood and confirm fluid is above minimum and reservoir is at least one-quarter full

Loss of brake fluid from a leak can cause brakes to malfunction or fail completely. A noticeable brake fluid leak is a major defect. Inspect reservoirs and surrounding areas visually for any evidence of leaking fluid.

• ✓Major defect exists when a brake fluid leak is noticeable
• ✓Inspect brake-fluid reservoirs to ensure there is no brake-fluid leak

Open the hood and inspect brake-fluid reservoirs to confirm the system has adequate fluid and no leaks before operating the vehicle.

• ✓Ensure brake fluid is above the minimum required level
• ✓Ensure there is no brake-fluid leak
• ✓Ensure reservoir is not less than one-quarter full

Ontario licences are classified by vehicle type. Class A allows driving any tractor-trailer combination and also class D and G vehicles. Class D allows a motor vehicle exceeding 11,000 kg gross/registered weight or any truck/combination provided towed vehicle is not over 4,600 kg, plus class G vehicles. Class G covers cars, vans, small trucks or combinations up to 11,000 kg with towed vehicle not over 4,600 kg.

• ✓Class A permits any tractor-trailer combination and also class D and G vehicles
• ✓Class D permits vehicles over 11,000 kg with towed vehicle not over 4,600 kg, plus class G
• ✓Class A does NOT permit driving a bus carrying passengers, a motorcycle or moped
• ✓A 'Z' air brake endorsement is required to operate any air brake equipped motor vehicle

Class A vehicles have either full or restricted configuration. Full requires a truck/tractor and trailer combination with MGVWR of at least 4600 kg AND a full air brake system on both truck/tractor and trailer. Restricted requires the same MGVWR but the trailer is not equipped with air brakes. Testing on a non-full vehicle results in an AR (A Restricted) licence.

• ✓Full Class A requires MGVWR of at least 4600 kg and full air brakes on both units
• ✓Restricted Class A requires MGVWR of at least 4600 kg but trailer has no air brakes
• ✓A driver testing on a non-full Class A vehicle receives an AR licence and cannot operate a full Class A vehicle

An applicant for a class A or D driver's licence must meet age, licence, knowledge, vision, medical and road test requirements. As of May 11, 2026, applicants must also provide documentation verifying Ontario residency, legal presence in Canada, and work eligibility.

• ✓Must be at least 18 years of age
• ✓Must hold a valid Ontario class G or higher licence or equivalent
• ✓Must pass a knowledge test, meet vision standards and provide a satisfactory medical certificate
• ✓Must demonstrate driving competence on a road test in the appropriate vehicle type

On the road test, drivers demonstrate a daily inspection and name/describe equipment condition. Class A applicants also demonstrate uncoupling/coupling and backing of combination vehicle units. All applicants drive in traffic and handle the vehicle safely. Bring wheel chocks/blocks if the vehicle has air brakes.

• ✓All applicants must demonstrate a daily inspection naming items and their condition
• ✓Class A applicants must demonstrate uncoupling, coupling and backing of the combination
• ✓Bring wheel chocks or blocks if the vehicle is equipped with air brakes

There are nine classes of dangerous goods. Drivers transporting dangerous goods must receive training from their current employer, who determines the training level required and issues a certificate upon completion. This certificate must be carried when transporting dangerous goods.

• ✓There are nine classes of dangerous goods
• ✓Training is provided by the current employer who determines the level required
• ✓A certificate must be carried when transporting dangerous goods

When applying for a class A or D licence, a completed satisfactory ministry medical certificate must be provided. Medical practitioners and optometrists are legally required to report conditions that might affect safe operation. Applications are refused if the condition does not meet Highway Traffic Act standards.

• ✓A completed satisfactory ministry medical certificate is required for class A or D application
• ✓Medical practitioners/optometrists must report conditions affecting safe driving
• ✓Applications are refused if physical/medical condition does not meet HTA standards

CVOR tracks the safety performance of truck and bus operations in Ontario. A CVOR certificate is required for trucks with plated/actual weight over 4,500 kg and buses designed for 10+ passengers. It applies to Ontario, US and Mexico plated vehicles travelling in Ontario. Original application fee is $255.

• ✓CVOR certificate required for trucks over 4,500 kg or buses designed for 10 or more passengers
• ✓CVOR record items remain for five years from the offence date
• ✓The ministry may suspend or cancel CVOR certificate, plates and permits for unacceptable records

Commercial motor vehicles are restricted to 2.6 m (8.5 ft) width, 4.15 m (13.6 ft) height including loads, and combinations to 23 m (75.5 ft) length. Semi-trailers are limited to 14.65 m (48 ft) or 16.2 m (53 ft) if special requirements are met. Gross weight cannot exceed maximums under Part VII of the HTA.

• ✓Maximum width is 2.6 metres (8.5 ft); maximum height is 4.15 metres (13.6 ft)
• ✓No combination may exceed 23 metres (75.5 ft) except approved double-trailer combinations
• ✓Semi-trailers limited to 14.65 m or 16.2 m if special requirements met
• ✓Drivers, operators and shippers are all responsible for the vehicle weight

Combination vehicles like semi-trailers have off-track where the rear wheels follow a tighter path than the tractor's front wheels. The amount of off-track depends on the length of the combination and the wheelbase of the units. When making right turns you must lead the turning arc according to the amount of off-track to avoid running rear wheels over curbs and sidewalks.

• ✓Lead the turning arc according to the amount of off-track when turning right
• ✓The amount of off-track depends on the length of the combination and wheelbase
• ✓Rear wheels of a semi have greater off-track than the tractor's rear wheels

You may need to proceed well into the intersection before beginning the turn. It is better to use more space from the road you are leaving than the road you are entering. Move as close to the left side of your lane as possible, then make the turn using space from the road you are entering. Depending on vehicle type and lane width, you may have to cross the centre line or travel into the second lane of the street entered.

• ✓Use more space from the road you are leaving than the road you are entering
• ✓Move as close to the left side of your lane as possible before turning
• ✓You may need to proceed well into the intersection before beginning the turn

On narrow streets a tractor-trailer may need to use some or all of the left lane to get around a corner without the rear wheels going on the curb. Use extreme caution. When you must block another lane, ensure smaller vehicles, motorcycles or cyclists are not moving up along your right side. The critical point is when the tractor is at the sharpest point of the turn, because vision through your right rearview mirror is limited.

• ✓Check that smaller vehicles, motorcycles or cyclists are not moving up on your right when blocking a lane
• ✓The critical point is reached when the tractor is at the sharpest point of the turn
• ✓Vision through the right rearview mirror is limited during a sharp right turn

If possible, do not change lanes to turn. If you must use portions of an alternate lane to make a steep turn, it is your responsibility to ensure it is done safely and without interfering with traffic.

• ✓Do not change lanes to turn if possible
• ✓If using portions of an alternate lane, you must ensure it is done safely without interfering with traffic

Truck driving in Ontario is governed by the Highway Traffic Act (HTA) and its regulations covering the driver, vehicle, equipment, weight and passengers. Key regulations include Commercial Motor Vehicle Inspections (199/07), Hours of Service (555/06), Safety Inspections (611), and Security of Loads (363/04). The Dangerous Goods Transportation Act regulates transport of dangerous goods.

• ✓The HTA and its regulations govern driver, vehicle, equipment, weight and passenger numbers
• ✓The Dangerous Goods Transportation Act regulates documentation, handling, safety markings and driver certification
• ✓There are nine classes of dangerous goods

Drivers transporting dangerous goods must receive training from their current employer, who determines the level required. Upon completion, the employer issues a certificate that must be carried when transporting dangerous goods.

• ✓Drivers must receive dangerous goods training from their current employer
• ✓The employer issues a certificate that must be carried when transporting dangerous goods
• ✓There are nine classes of dangerous goods ranging from corrosives to environmentally hazardous materials

A Class A licence allows driving any tractor-trailer combination where towed vehicles exceed 4,600 kg total gross weight. Holders may also drive Class D and G vehicles. It does not permit driving a bus carrying passengers, a motorcycle or a moped.

• ✓Class A allows driving any tractor-trailer combination
• ✓Class A holders may also drive Class D and G vehicles
• ✓Class A does not permit driving a bus carrying passengers, motorcycle or moped

A Class D licence allows driving a motor vehicle exceeding 11,000 kg gross weight or registered gross weight, or any truck/combination provided the towed vehicle is not over 4,600 kg. Holders may also drive Class G vehicles. It does not permit a bus with passengers, motorcycle or moped.

• ✓Class D allows a motor vehicle exceeding 11,000 kg gross or registered gross weight
• ✓Towed vehicle must not exceed 4,600 kg for Class D
• ✓Class D holders may also drive Class G vehicles

A 'Z' air brake endorsement is required on a driver's licence to operate any air brake equipped motor vehicle.

• ✓A 'Z' endorsement is required to operate any air brake equipped motor vehicle
• ✓The Z endorsement applies to any class of licence

Class G allows driving any car, van or small truck, or combination of vehicle and towed vehicle up to 11,000 kg provided the towed vehicle is not over 4,600 kg. A pickup towing a house trailer over 4,600 kg is still Class G if total combined weight does not exceed 11,000 kg.

• ✓Class G combination limit is 11,000 kg total with towed vehicle not over 4,600 kg
• ✓A pickup and trailer combined under 11,000 kg is deemed Class G even if trailer exceeds 4,600 kg

Planning your route in advance may eliminate the need for backing. Drive around the block to avoid backing around a corner. Drive out into traffic rather than backing into traffic. Prior to backing, take proper precautions and examine the area into which you must back.

• ✓Prior to backing: turn off phone/radio, open windows, activate four-way flashers and sound horn
• ✓Exit the vehicle and walk around to examine the area, looking for overhead obstacles, wires, side clearances, pedestrians or objects
• ✓Use both rearview mirrors and keep in mind the blind spot on the rear
• ✓Back-up alarm devices do not relieve the driver's responsibility when reversing

The easiest and safest backing manoeuvre is straight backing; use this approach whenever possible. Position the tractor and trailer in line with the direction you want to take, ensure wheels are straight and centred, and watch both mirrors while backing slowly.

• ✓Pull ahead and position the tractor and trailer in line with the direction you want it to take
• ✓Ensure front and rear wheels are straight and centred
• ✓Watch both mirrors while backing slowly in a straight line
• ✓If the trailer drifts left or right, align the vehicle accordingly

When performing an alley dock, backing from the driver's side is recommended. Position your vehicle so the trailer is angled in the direction you want it to take, then turn the steering wheel hard to the right while backing slowly.

• ✓Backing from the driver's side is recommended for an alley dock
• ✓Turn steering wheel hard to the right while backing slowly
• ✓Look out driver's window to monitor trailer while checking mirrors
• ✓If the turn is too early or sharp, turn wheels slightly left; if too late or wide, turn wheels to the right

There are two types of offset backing: driver side (offset back to the left) and passenger side (offset back to the right). Drive straight forward until in a straight line, then turn the wheel fully and back up while watching the mirror.

• ✓Turn the wheel all the way to the left angling the trailer toward the destination
• ✓Back up while watching the right mirror until the outside edge of the tractor tires lines up with the middle of the landing gear
• ✓Stop and turn the wheel to the right as far as possible, then back up until the tractor is straight and in line with the trailer
• ✓Straighten the wheels and look out both mirrors while slowly backing toward the destination

A responsible guide can help by watching the area into which you are backing and keeping an eye on your blind-spot zone. The guide should stand where they can see you and the area to the rear of your vehicle clearly.

• ✓The guide should stand in a position to see you and the area to the rear of your vehicle clearly
• ✓The guide should warn you if pedestrians or vehicles move into your path
• ✓Back-up alarm devices do not relieve the driver's responsibility

Temporary condition signs warn of unusual temporary conditions such as road work zones, diversions, detours, lane closures or traffic-control people. They are usually diamond-shaped with an orange background and black letters or symbols.

• ✓Temporary condition signs are diamond-shaped with an orange background
• ✓They warn of work zones, detours, lane closures and traffic-control persons

Signs indicate construction ahead, survey crews, traffic control persons (drive slowly and follow instructions), detours, milled/grooved pavement (reduced stopping/traction), lane closures requiring merging, and pilot/pace vehicles that must not be passed. Fines for speeding are doubled in designated construction zones when workers are present.

• ✓HTA fines for speeding double in a designated construction zone when workers are present
• ✓Do not pass a pilot or pace vehicle bearing the sign
• ✓Obey traffic control persons and be prepared to stop
• ✓Merge with traffic in the open lane at lane closures

Temporary condition signs warn of unusual temporary conditions such as road work zones, diversions, detours, lane closures or traffic-control people. They are usually diamond-shaped with an orange background and black letters or symbols.

• ✓Temporary condition signs have an orange background
• ✓They warn of construction, detours, lane closures and traffic-control persons

Signs indicate construction work ahead (e.g. 1 km), road work ahead, survey crew working, traffic control person ahead (drive slowly, watch for instructions), and construction zone begins (drive with extra caution, prepare for a lower speed limit).

• ✓Slow down and watch for instructions at a traffic control person sign
• ✓Entering a construction zone means drive with extra caution and prepare for a lower limit

Signs include temporary detours from the normal route, flashing directional arrows, milled/grooved pavement warnings (reduced stopping and traction), lane-closed-ahead signs (merge into the open lane), and closed-lane arrows (adjust speed to merge as indicated).

• ✓On milled or grooved pavement, obey the speed limit and drive with extra caution
• ✓When a lane is closed ahead, merge with traffic in the open lane

Do not pass a pilot or pace vehicle bearing the DO NOT PASS WHEN FLASHING sign. A STOP/SLOW paddle means reduce speed and be prepared to stop. Follow detour markers until you return to the regular route.

• ✓Do not pass a pilot/pace vehicle when its sign is flashing
• ✓Reduce speed and be prepared to stop at a STOP/SLOW paddle
• ✓Follow the detour marker until you return to the regular route

A SPEED FINES DOUBLED IN CONSTRUCTION ZONES WHEN WORKERS PRESENT sign enforces doubled HTA fines for speeding in a designated construction zone when workers are present.

• ✓HTA speeding fines are doubled in construction zones when workers are present
• ✓This applies to designated construction zones

You must know the normal appearance of air bags in suspension systems and recognize signs of damage that may cause deflation. Inspect for audible air leaks and damaged air bags.

• ✓Minor defect: an air leak is noticeable in the air-suspension system
• ✓Major defect: any air bag is damaged (patched, cut, bruised, cracked to braid or deflated) and has no air in it

Perform a visual inspection of leaf springs to identify broken leaves. Main leaves are critical and treated more seriously than other leaves.

• ✓Minor defect: any spring has a single broken leaf
• ✓Major defect: a main leaf is broken OR more than one other leaf is broken

Suspension components and attaching hardware must be inspected visually to recognize serious unsafe conditions such as parts shifting or contacting other components.

• ✓Major defect: any part of a leaf spring or suspension part is missing
• ✓Major defect: any suspension part has shifted out of place or is in contact with another vehicle component

Suspension fasteners (nuts, bolts) and U-bolts must be inspected for tightness and presence. A gap or looseness indicates a defect.

• ✓Minor defect: any suspension fastener is loose, missing or broken
• ✓Major defect: any spring U-bolt is loose

Ministry enforcement staff and police perform inspections at truck inspection stations. When a station is open, trucks must enter and stop. Drivers must carry and surrender on demand required documents including licence, registration, CVOR certificate, insurance, daily inspection report and daily log.

• ✓When a station is open, trucks must enter and stop for inspection
• ✓Must carry valid licence, registration, CVOR certificate, insurance certificate, daily inspection report and daily log
• ✓Must carry a daily log for the day and the previous fourteen days
• ✓Refusing or failing to proceed to a weigh scale is an offence with fines up to $20,000 and possible 30-day suspension

Tires must have appropriate tread depth and wheels must be securely attached. The rear tire must have at least 1.5 mm (0.06 in) tread in two adjacent grooves. Front tires on vehicles over 4,500 kg must have at least 3 mm (0.12 in). Wheel fasteners should be rechecked between 80 km and 160 km after installation.

• ✓Rear tires must have at least 1.5 mm (0.06 in) of tread in two adjacent grooves
• ✓Front tires on vehicles over 4,500 kg must have at least 3 mm (0.12 in) of tread
• ✓Recheck wheel fasteners between 80 km and 160 km after installation
• ✓Wheels and tires must be installed by a certified tire installer or mechanic

The driver is responsible for evenly balanced and properly secured cargo. All loads must be bound, covered or fastened so nothing can fall off. Loads overhanging the rear by 1.5 m (5 ft) or more require a red light (when lights are required) or a red flag/marker at other times. Ontario has adopted NSC Standard 10 for Cargo Securement.

• ✓The driver is responsible for ensuring cargo is balanced and secured against shifting
• ✓Loads overhanging the rear by 1.5 m or more must be marked with a red light, flag or marker
• ✓Cargo must be inspected before driving and re-checked not more than 80 km from loading point
• ✓Ontario has adopted National Safety Code Standard 10 for Cargo Securement

A daily vehicle inspection (circle check/pre-trip) is required by the HTA. A driver may not drive unless a Schedule 1 inspection has been done within the previous 24 hours with a completed report. Defects are categorized as major or minor; drivers cannot drive with a major defect and must record and report minor defects.

• ✓A vehicle inspection must be completed every 24-hour period
• ✓Drivers must not drive a vehicle with a major defect
• ✓Minor defects must be recorded on the inspection report and reported to the operator
• ✓Drivers must carry both the current inspection report and the inspection schedule

Safety defects found during inspection or on the trip must be reported to the operator as soon as possible; major defects must be repaired before operating again. The most common reason vehicles are taken out of service is out-of-adjustment air brakes; other reasons include insecure loads, defective lights/tires and broken springs.

• ✓Major defects must be repaired before the vehicle is operated again
• ✓Out-of-adjustment air brakes are the most common out-of-service reason
• ✓You cannot adjust your own air brakes unless you completed an approved course or are a certified mechanic

If a driver operates within a 160-km radius of the start location and returns to the same location at the end of the day, they may be exempt from carrying a daily log but remain subject to all hours-of-service requirements.

• ✓Drivers within a 160-km radius returning to start may be exempt from carrying a daily log
• ✓Hours-of-service requirements still apply even when log-exempt

Free play or lash is the distance the steering wheel moves before tires begin turning. Check with the engine on and wheels straight ahead, turning the wheel with fingers until tire resistance is felt. Too much rotation indicates excessive free play.

• ✓Check steering free play with engine on and wheels straight ahead
• ✓Excessive rotation before tires turn indicates too much free play or lash

The driver must re-inspect cargo and securement systems and adjust at intervals based on whichever occurs first: a change of duty status, driving three hours, or driving 240 km. Inspection is not required when cargo is sealed and the driver is ordered not to open it, or if the cargo is inaccessible.

• ✓Re-inspect cargo at change of duty status, after 3 hours driving, or after 240 km — whichever occurs first
• ✓No re-inspection required for sealed cargo the driver is ordered not to open, or inaccessible cargo

Operators must have each vehicle and trailer inspected annually by a licensed mechanic in compliance with NSC Standard 11 Part B. A compliant vehicle receives an annual inspection certificate, record and decal placed on the outside lower left of the windshield or left side of the cab/trailer. Drivers must check the decal validity during daily inspection.

• ✓Operators must have each vehicle/trailer inspected annually by a licensed mechanic
• ✓The inspection decal is placed on the outside lower left corner of windshield or left side of cab/trailer
• ✓Drivers must check the inspection-certificate decal date during the daily inspection

As part of the daily inspection, all items in the applicable schedule of O. Reg. 199/07 must be inspected, including air brake system (if equipped), cab, cargo securement, coupling devices, driver controls/seat, brakes, emergency equipment, exhaust, frame/body, fuel, glass/mirrors, heater/defroster, horn, lamps/reflectors, steering, suspension, tires, wheels and wiper/washer.

• ✓Inspect all items in the applicable O. Reg. 199/07 schedule during the daily inspection
• ✓Air brake system and coupling devices are inspected only if equipped
• ✓Dangerous goods checks apply for qualified drivers only

You must be aware of and allow for any off-track when making a left turn. Use your left outside mirror to monitor the trailer's path, otherwise the trailer might hit a vehicle or a sign post on an island. Turn in a wide arc before bringing the vehicle back to its proper position just right of the centre line, then move to the right lane when safe as speed increases.

• ✓Use your left outside mirror to monitor the trailer's path when turning left
• ✓Turn in a wide arc and bring the vehicle back just right of the centre line
• ✓Move to the right lane only when it is safe as you increase speed

Air-suspension systems use air bags that must be intact and inflated. Candidates must recognize the normal appearance of air bags, signs of damage, and when damage causes deflation. A noticeable air leak is a minor defect, while a damaged and deflated air bag is a major defect.

• ✓Minor defect: an air leak is noticeable in the air-suspension system
• ✓Major defect: any air bag is damaged (patched, cut, bruised, cracked to braid or deflated) and has no air in it
• ✓Inspect to ensure no air leak and that any air bag is not damaged and still has air

Visual inspection of leaf springs is important. Candidates must know which leaves are 'main' leaves. Defect severity depends on how many leaves are broken and whether a main leaf is involved.

• ✓Minor defect: any spring has a single broken leaf
• ✓Major defect: a main leaf is broken OR more than one other leaf is broken
• ✓Perform a visual inspection to identify cracked or broken spring leaves

Suspension-system components and attaching hardware must be inspected visually for serious unsafe conditions. Any missing, shifted, or contacting suspension part is a major defect.

• ✓Major defect: part of a leaf spring or suspension is missing, shifted out of place, or in contact with another vehicle component
• ✓Inspect (or describe the process where not accessible) for cracked/broken leaves and displaced or contacting parts

Suspension fasteners and U-bolts hold the suspension to the vehicle and must remain tight. Loose, missing or broken fasteners are minor defects, but a loose U-bolt is a major defect.

• ✓Minor defect: any suspension fastener is loose, missing or broken
• ✓Major defect: any spring U-bolt is loose
• ✓Inspect suspension fasteners and U-bolts for visual signs of loose, missing or broken components

When a number of trucks pull onto a highway after a stop, drivers should leave sufficient space. Commercial motor vehicles must maintain a minimum following distance at highway speeds.

• ✓Commercial motor vehicles must maintain a minimum distance of at least 60 metres (200 ft.) between themselves and other vehicles when on a highway at a speed exceeding 60 km/h (40 mph)
• ✓The exception is when overtaking and passing another motor vehicle
• ✓Avoid improper passing and bluffing (using vehicle size to intimidate)

Speed limiter requirements apply to vehicles manufactured in 1995 or newer with a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating (MGVWR) of 11,794 kilograms (26,000 lbs.) or more, and only those with an electronically controlled engine.

• ✓The speed-limiting system shall be properly set to no more than 105 km/h (65 mph)
• ✓Applies to vehicles manufactured 1995 or newer with MGVWR of 11,794 kg (26,000 lbs.) or more and an electronically controlled engine
• ✓Buses, mobile cranes, motor homes, ambulances, cardiac-arrest emergency vehicles and fire apparatuses are exempt

Keep tires properly inflated and check regularly for leaks. Kicking the tires or using a mallet to check for flats is acceptable. Distinguish between a leak you can only see versus one you can feel or hear.

• ✓Minor defect: a leak appears evident but cannot be felt or heard in any tire
• ✓Major defect: any tire is flat, or a leak can be felt or heard
• ✓Inspect by listening and feeling for leaks

You must know how to check tire-tread depth and the minimum allowable depths for various tire positions per vehicle safety regulations.

• ✓Major defect: tread depth is below the allowable wear limit
• ✓Steer tires require minimum 3 mm tread depth
• ✓Other tires require minimum 1.5 mm tread depth

Distinguish between tread and sidewall damage. Tires are built with steel cords covered in rubber; exposed cords are a serious defect.

• ✓Minor defect: damage to the tread or sidewall area
• ✓Major defect: exposed cords in the tread or outer sidewall of any tire
• ✓Major defect: any tire in contact with another tire or vehicle component other than a mud flap

Before uncoupling or coupling, the driver must roll down windows, turn off audio systems, sound the horn before backing (electric horn only during the road test), and confirm the location is suitable and safe.

• ✓Roll down windows and turn off audio systems before coupling/uncoupling
• ✓Sound the horn before backing (electric horn only during road test)
• ✓Confirm the location is suitable and safe

• A. The driver must stop driving immediately and cannot drive until 70-hour cycle resets. ✓ Answer
• B. The driver may drive up to 2 more hours if the trip started before reaching 70 hours.
• C. The driver must not drive once on-duty time reaches 70 hours until at least 24 consecutive hours off-duty are taken.
• D. The driver may drive an additional 8 hours if a co-driver is present in the sleeper berth.

• A. One tiedown, provided it passes over the centre of the load.
• B. Two tiedowns are required for any cargo regardless of length or weight.
• C. Three tiedowns, since the cargo exceeds 3 metres in length. ✓ Answer
• D. Four tiedowns, one for each corner of the cargo.

• A. 10 hours
• B. 11 hours
• C. 12 hours
• D. 13 hours ✓ Answer

• A. The carrier's insurance certificate listing dangerous goods coverage.
• B. A Transport Canada shipping permit for each dangerous good being carried.
• C. A shipping document (bill of lading) containing the required dangerous goods information. ✓ Answer
• D. A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for every product on the trailer.

• A. 39,500 kg
• B. 46,500 kg ✓ Answer
• C. 53,500 kg
• D. 63,500 kg

• A. 1.6 mm (the same as passenger vehicles) ✓ Answer
• B. 2.4 mm
• C. 4.8 mm
• D. 6.4 mm