PSW · Nursing Care Study Guide · Part 2 · Chapters 9–14

VLO 3: Practice as an Engaged Interprofessional Team Member +5PSW · Nursing Care · English

51 topics · Updated 2026-09-17

9.VLO 3: Practice as an Engaged Interprofessional Team Member

💬

Identify Roles of Interprofessional Team Members

communication

Identifying the roles that interprofessional team members have in the provision of optimal support and care.

Key Rules
  • Describe the roles and responsibilities of employers, supervisors and other care/service providers
  • Describe the personal support worker role and responsibilities within the interprofessional team
  • Describe clients' and family members' roles and responsibilities within the interprofessional team
💬

Develop Respectful Work Relationships

communication

Developing and maintaining respectful working relationships with other interprofessional team members.

Key Rules
  • Identify and describe the characteristics of respectful, effective interprofessional working relationships
  • Work interdependently with team members, communicating regularly, responding to requests, clarifying information and accepting direction
  • Identify and discuss the value of participation in advisory or other groups
  • Work collaboratively with the interprofessional team to meet clients' needs
💬

Communicate Client Information to the Team

communication

Communicating relevant client information to interprofessional team members in an ongoing and timely manner.

Key Rules
  • Communicate with supervisors, registered staff and other professionals on the ongoing condition of clients and care provided
  • Assist the interprofessional team by contributing suggestions regarding clients' plan of care
💬

Work and Learn as Participating Team Member

communication

Working and learning as a participating member of the interprofessional team.

Key Rules
  • Seek out information and request support and guidance from the supervisor or other team members
  • Work together with others to ensure the best client outcomes
  • Assist and provide help to other team members within one's level of knowledge and skill
💬

Accept and Act on Constructive Feedback

communication

Accepting and acting upon constructive feedback from clients, families, supervisors and team members.

Key Rules
  • Differentiate between constructive and destructive feedback
  • Seek out feedback when appropriate to enhance skills and professionalism
  • Reflect on received feedback and implement into one's own practice
💬

Promote Quality and Efficiency of Care

communication

Assisting in promoting the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of care delivered by the interprofessional team.

Key Rules
  • Assist and participate in the development of clients' plan of care
  • Identify ways to improve care through debriefing and other activities
  • Discuss how the PSW can contribute to quality of care and workplace wellness
  • Identify opportunities to participate in committees and groups

10.VLO 3: Practice as an engaged member of the interprofessional team

💬

Identify roles of interprofessional team members

communication

Covers identifying the roles that interprofessional team members have in providing optimal support and care.

Key Rules
  • Describe roles and responsibilities of employers, supervisors and other care/service providers
  • Describe the personal support worker role within the interprofessional team
  • Describe clients' and family members' roles within the interprofessional team
💬

Develop and maintain respectful work relationships

communication

Covers developing and maintaining respectful work relationships with other interprofessional team members.

Key Rules
  • Identify characteristics of respectful, effective working relationships
  • Work interdependently, communicating regularly and accepting direction
  • Discuss the value of participation in advisory or other groups
  • Work collaboratively to meet clients' needs
💬

Communicate relevant client information to the team

communication

Covers communicating relevant client information to interprofessional team members in an ongoing and timely manner.

Key Rules
  • Communicate with supervisors, registered staff and other professionals on client condition and care
  • Assist the team by contributing suggestions regarding clients' plan of care
💬

Work and learn as a participating team member

communication

Covers working and learning as a participating member of the interprofessional team.

Key Rules
  • Seek out information and request support and guidance where appropriate
  • Work together to ensure the best client outcomes
  • Assist other team members within one's level of knowledge and skill
💬

Accept and act upon constructive feedback

communication

Covers accepting and acting upon constructive feedback from clients, families, supervisors and team members.

Key Rules
  • Differentiate between constructive and destructive feedback
  • Seek out feedback when appropriate
  • Reflect on feedback and implement into practice
💬

Promote quality, effectiveness and efficiency of care

communication

Covers assisting in promoting the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of care delivered by the team.

Key Rules
  • Assist and participate in the development of clients' plan of care
  • Identify ways to improve care through debriefing and other activities
  • Discuss how the PSW can contribute to quality of care and workplace wellness
  • Identify opportunities to participate in committees and groups

11.VLO 4: Provide Person-Centred Care Based on Ethical Principles

📌

Respect Autonomy, Dignity, Privacy and Confidentiality

ethics

Respecting the person's right to autonomy, dignity, privacy, preferences, safety, independence and confidentiality at all times.

Key Rules
  • Identify and describe PSW ethics including justice, honesty, integrity, and compassionate caring as found in relevant codes of ethics
  • Identify and describe basic principles of health care ethics including autonomy, justice, beneficence and nonmaleficence
  • Discuss how ethical principles are applied in the PSW role
  • Identify and discuss legislated rights to privacy and confidentiality including PIPEDA, PHIPA 2004, Retirement Homes Act 2010, and Long-Term Care Homes Act 2007
  • Identify implications of using electronic communication and social media
📌

Promote the Person's Independence

personalcare

Promoting the person's independence in a variety of care settings.

Key Rules
  • Differentiate among dependence, independence and interdependence
  • Identify and implement strategies to promote clients' independence in a variety of care settings
📌

Treat Each Client as a Unique Individual

ethics

Treating each client as an individual with a unique personality and physical, emotional, mental, spiritual, social, sexual and cultural needs.

Key Rules
  • Incorporate into care the understanding that clients have unique life experiences and methods of meeting needs
  • Discuss the importance of various needs with clients and apply to care
  • Encourage maintenance of clients' community relationships
  • Discuss significance of changes to condition and report as necessary
  • Respect clients' dignity and right to privacy according to Human Rights Codes
  • Support clients in maintaining activities of interest
📌

Respect Right to Make Choices and Direct Care

ethics

Providing care that respects the person's right to make choices, decisions and direct supportive care according to their abilities.

Key Rules
  • Differentiate between person-centred and person-directed care
  • Identify applicable legislation including Ontario Human Rights Code, Health Care Consent Act 1996, Substitute Decisions Act 1992, Long-Term Care Homes Act 2007
  • Differentiate between reasonable risk-taking and unsafe activities
  • Relate the person's right to make choices to sense of self and dignity
  • Discuss strategies to respond to refusal of care or deviation from plan of care
  • Clarify when a substitute decision-maker is appropriate
  • Seek supervisor direction in conflicts with family and substitute decision-makers
  • Support the person in communicating wants and needs
📌

Provide Culturally Sensitive and Anti-Bias Care

ethics

Providing supportive care that respects unique characteristics including race, ethnicity, culture, religion, gender, sexual orientation and social class.

Key Rules
  • Recognize the PSW's own values and personal attitudes toward other groups
  • Identify cultural significance of clients' health, illness or impending death
  • Identify and respect ways culture may influence communication
  • Identify resources for cultural/spiritual information
  • Recognize impact of discriminatory behaviours and take measures to modify them
  • Explore sources of personal and systemic bias and racism
  • Identify personal strategies to address racism and bias
📌

Respect Client Definitions of Family Structure

familygrowth

Identifying and respecting clients' definitions of family structure and the roles and responsibilities of clients, families and significant others.

Key Rules
  • Identify the role(s) of family and friends and their significance to clients
  • Identify clients' personal expectations about the role of friends and family
  • Identify factors that might affect clients' and family members' acceptance of support

12.VLO 14: Mental Health, Cognitive Impairment and Responsive Behaviours

📌

Identify changes associated with mental health illnesses

cognitive

The topic covers identifying signs of change in clients' perception, memory, judgement, organization, language and motor skills associated with mental health challenges and illnesses and how effects vary with severity.

Key Rules
  • Discuss challenges related to stress, coping and mental health challenges and illnesses
  • Discuss the impact of social media on mental health across the lifespan
  • Discuss the stigma associated with mental illness and how it may impact self-perception, functioning and care
  • Observe and identify changes in behaviour related to mental health, follow the plan of care and advocate for revisions
  • Identify care, intervention and community resources related to mental health conditions including anxiety and affective disorders
  • Support recovery-oriented approaches through which clients regain control, meaning and purpose
  • Discuss misconceptions and stigma and how they impact clients, families and worker perception and functioning
  • Discuss the role of the personal support worker and identify when care and intervention is beyond the role
  • Discuss the impacts of trauma and colonization for Indigenous peoples and the relationships between trauma, addictions and mental health
📌

Identify changes associated with cognitive impairment and dementia

cognitive

The topic covers identifying signs of change in clients' perception, memory, judgement, organization, language and motor skills associated with cognitive and intellectual impairments, delirium and/or dementia.

Key Rules
  • Describe how symptoms/presentation may impact clients' behaviour, personality, self-perception and interactions
  • Observe and identify changes in behaviour and advocate for revisions to the plan of care with the interprofessional team
  • Identify impairments caused by reversible (treatable) and irreversible conditions
  • Identify factors such as illness, fatigue, stress, sensory overload, pain, fear, frustration and depression that further affect functioning
  • Discuss the role of the personal support worker and identify when care and intervention is beyond the role
📌

Use behavioural strategies to de-escalate responsive behaviours

cognitive

The topic addresses using basic behavioural strategies to mitigate or de-escalate clients' responsive behaviours as directed by the plan of care and applicable legislation.

Key Rules
  • Discuss protective and/or responsive behaviours from the clients' and caregivers' perspectives
  • Identify causes and triggers for responsive behaviours and discuss possible solutions
  • Use best practice strategies and person-centred approaches for all clients (e.g. Gentle Persuasive Approaches)
  • Apply basic principles of crisis prevention as directed by the plan of care
  • Report clients' responses to behavioural strategies and share effective strategies with the interprofessional team
  • Identify, report and record clients' behaviours that are a potential risk to the safety of others
📌

Identify changes associated with addictions and substance use

cognitive

The topic covers identifying changes in clients' behaviour and functioning associated with addictions to substances, gambling or other behaviours.

Key Rules
  • Discuss challenges related to stress, coping and substance use
  • Identify changes in behaviour related to substance use and addiction
  • Identify resources, supports and strategies for clients using or addicted to substances
  • Discuss strategies related to overdose management and prevention within the role of the personal support worker
  • Recognize and support care, intervention and treatment plans of individuals with substance use and addiction behaviours
  • Observe and report client responses to strategies to the appropriate supervisor
  • Discuss the role of the personal support worker and identify when support and intervention is beyond the role
  • Identify, report and record clients' behaviours that are a potential risk to the safety of others
📌

Role of the worker with suicidal ideation and behaviour

cognitive

The topic addresses identifying the personal support worker's role in providing client-centred care for individuals exhibiting suicidal ideation and behaviour.

Key Rules
  • Discuss challenges related to stress, coping and suicidal behaviour
  • Identify factors which can cause suicidal behaviour or self-harm across the life span
  • Describe warning signs and behaviours suggesting risk of suicide or self-harm
  • Identify personal views about suicide and examine how they may affect support provided
  • Recognize possible indicators of suicidal ideations or behaviours and inform the interprofessional team
  • Contact community supports and compile resources as indicated in the plan of care
  • Observe clients' responses to behavioural strategies and share strategies with the interprofessional team
  • Identify, report and record behaviours of clients experiencing suicidal ideation, including risks to others
📌

Signs of change associated with mental health challenges

cognitive

Covers identifying signs of change in clients' perception, memory, judgement, organization, language and motor skills associated with mental health illnesses and how effects vary with severity.

Key Rules
  • Discuss challenges related to stress, coping and mental health challenges and illnesses
  • Discuss the impact of social media on mental health across the lifespan
  • Discuss the stigma associated with mental illness and its impact on self-perception, functioning and quality of care
  • Observe and identify behaviour changes related to mental health and follow the plan of care
  • Identify care, intervention and community resources related to mental health conditions including anxiety and affective disorders
  • Support recovery-oriented approaches
  • Discuss misconceptions and stigma and impact on clients, families and PSWs
  • Discuss the PSW role and when care is beyond the role
  • Discuss impacts of trauma and colonization for Indigenous peoples and relationships between trauma, addictions and mental health
📌

Signs of change associated with cognitive impairment, delirium, dementia

cognitive

Covers identifying signs of change associated with cognitive and intellectual impairments, delirium and/or dementia and how effects vary with severity.

Key Rules
  • Describe how symptoms may impact behaviour, personality, self-perception and interactions
  • Observe and identify behaviour changes and advocate for revisions to the plan of care
  • Identify impairments caused by reversible (treatable) and irreversible conditions
  • Identify factors such as illness, fatigue, stress, sensory overload, pain, fear, frustration and depression affecting functioning
  • Discuss the PSW role and when care is beyond the role
📌

Signs of change associated with acquired brain injuries

cognitive

Covers identifying signs of change associated with acquired brain injuries including strokes and how effects vary with severity.

Key Rules
  • Identify definitions and corresponding symptoms of acquired brain injury including strokes
  • Relate symptoms of acquired brain injury to the function and area of brain injured
  • Identify signs of behaviour change related to acquired brain injuries including strokes
  • Identify management and rehabilitation services
  • Discuss the PSW role and when care is beyond the role
📌

Behavioural strategies to de-escalate responsive behaviours

cognitive

Covers using basic behavioural strategies to mitigate or de-escalate clients' responsive behaviours as directed by the plan of care and applicable legislation.

Key Rules
  • Discuss protective and/or responsive behaviours from clients' and caregivers' perspectives
  • Identify causes and triggers for responsive behaviours and discuss possible solutions
  • Use best practice strategies and person-centred approaches (e.g. Gentle Persuasive Approaches)
  • Apply basic principles of crisis prevention as directed by the plan of care
  • Report clients' responses and share effective strategies with the interprofessional team
  • Identify, report and record clients' behaviours that are a potential risk to the safety of others
📌

Changes associated with addictions and substance use

cognitive

Covers identifying changes in behaviour, perception, memory, judgement, organization, language and motor skills associated with addictions to substances, gambling or other behaviours.

Key Rules
  • Discuss challenges related to stress, coping and substance use
  • Identify behaviour changes related to substance use and addiction
  • Identify resources, supports and strategies for clients using or addicted to substances
  • Discuss overdose management and prevention within the PSW role
  • Recognize and support care, intervention and treatment plans
  • Observe and report client responses to strategies to the supervisor
  • Discuss the PSW role and when support is beyond the role
  • Identify, report and record behaviours that are a potential risk to the safety of others
📌

PSW role in caring for suicidal ideation and behaviour

cognitive

Covers identifying the PSW role in the provision of client-centred care for an individual exhibiting suicidal ideation and behaviour.

Key Rules
  • Discuss challenges related to stress, coping and suicidal behaviour
  • Identify factors that can cause suicidal behaviour or self-harm across the lifespan
  • Describe warning signs and behaviours suggesting risk of suicide or self-harm
  • Identify personal views about suicide and how they may affect support
  • Recognize possible indicators and inform the interprofessional team
  • Contact community supports and compile resources per the plan of care
  • Observe responses and share strategies with the interprofessional team
  • Identify, report and record behaviours including risks to the safety of others
📌

Identify changes associated with acquired brain injuries

cognitive

The topic addresses identifying signs of change associated with acquired brain injuries including strokes and how effects vary with severity.

Key Rules
  • Identify the definitions and corresponding symptoms of acquired brain injury, including strokes
  • Relate the symptoms of acquired brain injury to the function and area of the brain injured
  • Identify signs of change in behaviour related to acquired brain injuries, including strokes
  • Identify management and rehabilitation services for clients with acquired brain injury
  • Discuss the role of the personal support worker and identify when care and intervention is beyond the role
📌

Use encouragement and stimulation techniques in activities

cognitive

The topic covers using encouragement and stimulation techniques and providing clients opportunity to participate in activities per the plan of care.

Key Rules
  • Identify resources and tools used for stimulation techniques
  • Identify clients' preferences and previous experiences to propose appropriate activities
📌

Observe and report responses to prescribed approaches

cognitive

The topic addresses observing and reporting responses to prescribed approaches and noting changes in clients' behaviour.

Key Rules
  • Identify what would be a usual or typical response for individual clients
  • Report clients' responses to prescribed approaches to an appropriate member of the interprofessional team
📌

Provide consistency in approach to caregiving tasks

cognitive

The topic covers providing consistency in approach to caregiving tasks for clients experiencing cognitive impairments, mental health illnesses and/or responsive behaviours.

Key Rules
  • Describe the benefits to clients in providing consistency in caregivers and approach
  • Respect routines as described in the plan of care
📌

Identify when suicidal ideation requires immediate response

cognitive

The topic covers identifying when unexpected client behaviour such as suicidal ideation requires immediate response and a report to supervisor.

Key Rules
  • Identify factors which can increase risk of life or bodily harm in adults
  • Recognize possible indicators of suicidal behaviour
  • Identify the personal support worker's own views about suicide and examine how these views may affect service provided
📌

Use encouragement and stimulation techniques

cognitive

Covers using encouragement and stimulation techniques and providing clients opportunities to participate in activities per the plan of care.

Key Rules
  • Identify resources and tools used for stimulation techniques
  • Identify clients' preferences and previous experiences to propose appropriate activities
📌

Provide consistency in approach to caregiving

cognitive

Covers providing consistency in approach to caregiving tasks for clients experiencing cognitive impairments, mental health illnesses and/or responsive behaviours.

Key Rules
  • Describe the benefits to clients of consistency in caregivers and approach
  • Respect routines as described in the plan of care
📌

Recognizing when behaviour requires immediate response

cognitive

Covers identifying when unexpected client behaviour, such as suicidal ideation, requires immediate response and a report to the supervisor.

Key Rules
  • Identify factors that can increase risk of life or bodily harm in adults
  • Recognize possible indicators of suicidal behaviour
  • Identify the PSW's own views about suicide and how they may affect service

13.VLO 4: Provide person-centred care based on ethical principles

📌

Respect the person's rights to autonomy and confidentiality

ethics

Covers respecting the person's right to autonomy, dignity, privacy, preferences, safety, independence and confidentiality at all times.

Key Rules
  • Identify PSW ethics including justice, honesty, integrity and compassionate caring from relevant codes of ethics
  • Identify basic principles of health care ethics: autonomy, justice, beneficence and nonmaleficence
  • Discuss how ethical principles are applied in the PSW role
  • Identify legislated rights to privacy including PIPEDA 2000, PHIPA 2004, Retirement Homes Act 2010, and Long-Term Care Homes Act 2007
  • Discuss implications of electronic communication and social media on privacy and confidentiality
📌

Promote the person's independence

personalcare

Covers promoting the person's independence in a variety of care settings.

Key Rules
  • Differentiate among dependence, independence and interdependence
  • Identify and implement strategies to promote clients' independence
📌

Treat each client as a unique individual

personalcare

Covers treating each client as an individual with unique personality, interests, abilities and diverse needs.

Key Rules
  • Incorporate into care the understanding that clients have unique life experiences
  • Discuss the importance of physical, emotional, mental, intellectual, spiritual, recreational, social, sexual and cultural needs
  • Encourage maintenance of clients' community relationships
  • Discuss significance of changes to condition and report when necessary
  • Respect dignity and right to privacy according to Human Rights Codes
  • Support clients in maintaining activities of interest
📌

Respect the person's right to make choices and direct care

ethics

Covers providing care that respects the person's right to make choices, decisions and direct supportive care while maintaining independence.

Key Rules
  • Differentiate between person-centred and person-directed care
  • Identify applicable legislation including Ontario Human Rights Code, Health Care Consent Act 1996, Substitute Decisions Act 1992, Long-Term Care Homes Act 2007
  • Differentiate between reasonable risk-taking and unsafe activities
  • Relate the person's right to make choices to their sense of self and dignity
  • Respond to the person's refusal to accept care or deviation from plan of care
  • Clarify when a substitute decision-maker may act
  • Seek supervisor direction for conflicts involving family and substitute decision-makers
  • Support the person in communicating wants and needs
📌

Provide care respecting unique cultural and personal characteristics

familygrowth

Covers providing supportive care that respects unique characteristics including race, ethnicity, culture, religion, age, ability, gender, sexual orientation and family structure.

Key Rules
  • Recognize PSW's own values and personal attitudes toward other groups
  • Identify cultural significance of clients' health, conditions, illness or impending death
  • Identify and respect ways culture influences communication
  • Identify resources for cultural/spiritual information
  • Recognize impact of discriminatory behaviours and modify them
  • Explore sources of personal and systemic bias and racism
  • Identify personal strategies to address racism and bias
📌

Respect clients' definitions of family structure and roles

familygrowth

Covers identifying and respecting clients' definitions of family structure and the roles of clients, families and significant others.

Key Rules
  • Identify the role(s) of family and friends and their significance to clients
  • Identify clients' personal expectations about roles of friends and family
  • Identify factors affecting clients' and family members' acceptance of support

14.VLO 5: Establish and Maintain Therapeutic Relationships

💬

Use Basic Principles of Therapeutic Relationships

communication

Using basic principles of therapeutic relationships when providing care.

Key Rules
  • Explain the concept of the therapeutic relationship and its importance
  • Identify and describe the characteristics of the therapeutic relationship
  • Describe how these relationships establish and maintain the client-PSW roles
📌

Establish and Maintain Professional Boundaries

ethics

Establishing and maintaining professional boundaries within therapeutic relationships.

Key Rules
  • Describe and discuss the importance of professional boundaries
  • Describe behaviours associated with appropriate client-PSW and family-PSW boundaries
  • Ensure personal activities and needs do not interfere with judgment and performance
  • Refrain from sharing or imposing personal problems, lifestyle and opinions onto clients
📌

Maintain Confidentiality and Privacy of Information

ethics

Maintaining confidentiality and privacy of clients' personal information in accordance with legislation and employer policies.

Key Rules
  • Identify and adhere to legislation regarding privacy and confidentiality including PIPEDA and PHIPA 2004
  • Identify and adhere to legislation regarding individual rights of access
  • Identify how clients' privacy rights affect the PSW role
  • Describe and ensure no breaches of confidentiality
💬

Provide Culturally Sensitive Care Interactions

communication

Providing culturally sensitive care when interacting with clients and their families.

Key Rules
  • Identify and implement culturally sensitive verbal and non-verbal communication
  • Identify how the PSW's own culture affects communication and reflect on bias
  • Use a positive and caring attitude, empathy, respect and sensitivity to diversity
💬

Adapt Communication Skills to Client Needs

communication

Identifying and adapting communication skills to meet a range of unique needs for clients, families and support systems.

Key Rules
  • Identify common barriers to communication and techniques to minimize impact
  • Identify how one's own non-verbal communication may be interpreted
  • Examine one's own attitudes, beliefs and biases
  • Use techniques such as active listening, clarifying and giving clear feedback
  • Adapt communication to facilitate understanding
  • Identify influence of communication disorders and sensory deficits
  • Adapt communication for altered sensory abilities including vision, hearing, speech and language
  • Discuss how ineffective communication can lead to misuse of power and control
  • Adapt communication when children are involved and utilize supports
💬

Support Communication Using Assistive Devices

communication

Supporting clients' verbal and nonverbal communication using assistive devices according to the plan of care.

Key Rules
  • Identify and use basic communication aids such as sign boards, picture boards, communication cards and computer assisted technologies
  • Identify appropriate community resources to facilitate communication
💬

Use Clear Professional Vocabulary

communication

Using clear professional vocabulary while communicating with clients and members of the interprofessional team.

Key Rules
  • Use clear professional vocabulary with other members of the interprofessional team
  • Use basic medical terminology when communicating with clients and their families
💬

Use Conflict Management Skills

communication

Using interpersonal communication and conflict management skills to prevent and resolve conflicts in caregiving situations.

Key Rules
  • Identify common causes of conflict in the caregiving situation
  • Identify, discuss and implement approaches for preventing and resolving conflict
  • Implement basic techniques of conflict resolution between clients, family members and caregivers

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← Back to the PSW study guide 1. VLO 1: Work Within the Personal Support Worker Role +73. Essential Employability Skills +84. VLO 8: Assist clients across the lifespan with activities of daily living +6

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