PSW · Nursing Care Study Guide · Part 3 · Chapters 15–23

Essential Employability Skills +8PSW · Nursing Care · English

50 topics · Updated 2026-09-17

15.Essential Employability Skills

💬

Communication skills

communication

The topic covers demonstrating communication skills across reading, writing, speaking, listening, presenting and visual literacy.

Key Rules
  • Communicate clearly, concisely and correctly in written, spoken and visual form that fulfills the purpose and meets audience needs
  • Respond to written, spoken or visual messages in a manner that ensures effective communication
💬

Critical thinking and problem solving

communication

The topic covers analyzing, synthesizing, evaluating, decision making and creative and innovative thinking.

Key Rules
  • Apply a systematic approach to solve problems
  • Use a variety of thinking skills to anticipate and solve problems
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Interpersonal skills

communication

The topic covers teamwork, relationship management, conflict resolution, leadership and networking.

Key Rules
  • Show respect for the diverse opinions, values, belief systems and contributions of others
  • Interact with others in groups or teams in ways that contribute to effective working relationships and the achievement of goals
📌

Personal skills

ethics

The topic addresses managing self, managing change and flexibility, reflective practice and personal responsibility.

Key Rules
  • Manage the use of time and other resources to complete projects
  • Take responsibility for one's own actions, decisions and their consequences
💬

Numeracy skills

communication

The topic addresses understanding and applying mathematical concepts, analyzing numerical data and conceptualizing.

Key Rules
  • Execute mathematical operations accurately
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Information management

communication

The topic addresses gathering and managing information, selecting appropriate tools and technology, computer literacy and internet skills.

Key Rules
  • Locate, select, organize and document information using appropriate technology and information systems
  • Analyze, evaluate and apply relevant information from a variety of sources

16.VLO 5: Establish and maintain therapeutic relationships

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Use basic principles of therapeutic relationships

communication

Covers using basic principles of therapeutic relationships when providing care to build genuine, trusting partnerships.

Key Rules
  • Explain the concept of the therapeutic relationship and its importance
  • Identify and describe characteristics of the therapeutic relationship
  • Describe how therapeutic relationships establish and maintain client-PSW roles
📌

Establish and maintain professional boundaries

ethics

Covers establishing and maintaining professional boundaries within therapeutic relationships.

Key Rules
  • Describe importance of professional boundaries within therapeutic relationships
  • Describe behaviours associated with appropriate client-PSW and family-PSW boundaries
  • Ensure personal activities and needs do not interfere with judgment and performance
  • Refrain from imposing personal problems, lifestyle and opinions onto clients
💬

Maintain confidentiality and privacy of client information

communication

Covers maintaining confidentiality and privacy of clients' personal information in accordance with legislation and employer policies.

Key Rules
  • Identify and adhere to PIPEDA 2000 and PHIPA 2004 regarding privacy and confidentiality
  • Identify and adhere to legislation regarding individual rights of access
  • Identify how clients' privacy rights affect the PSW role
  • Ensure no breaches of confidentiality
💬

Provide culturally sensitive care in interactions

communication

Covers providing culturally sensitive care when interacting with clients and their families.

Key Rules
  • Identify and implement culturally sensitive verbal and non-verbal communication
  • Identify how PSW's own culture affects communication and reflect on bias
  • Use a positive, caring attitude, empathy, respect and sensitivity to diversity
💬

Adapt communication skills to unique client needs

communication

Covers identifying and adapting communication skills to meet a range of unique needs for clients, families and support systems.

Key Rules
  • Identify common barriers to communication and minimize their impact
  • Identify how one's own non-verbal communication may be interpreted
  • Examine one's own attitudes, beliefs and biases
  • Use techniques such as active listening, clarifying and giving clear feedback
  • Adapt communication method, pace, tone and vocabulary
  • Identify influence of communication disorders and sensory deficits
  • Adapt communication for altered sensory abilities
  • Discuss how ineffective communication can lead to misuse of power
  • Adapt communication when children are involved and use supports
💬

Support communication using assistive devices

communication

Covers supporting clients' verbal and nonverbal communication using assistive devices according to the plan of care.

Key Rules
  • Identify and use basic communication aids such as sign boards, picture boards, communication cards and computer assisted technologies
  • Identify appropriate community resources to facilitate communication
💬

Use clear professional vocabulary

communication

Covers using clear professional vocabulary when communicating with clients and interprofessional team members.

Key Rules
  • Use clear professional vocabulary with other team members
  • Use basic medical terminology when communicating with clients and families
💬

Use conflict management skills in caregiving

communication

Covers using interpersonal communication and conflict management skills to prevent and resolve conflicts in caregiving situations.

Key Rules
  • Identify common causes of conflict in caregiving
  • Identify and implement approaches for preventing and resolving conflict
  • Implement basic conflict resolution techniques and identify appropriate resources

17.Glossary

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Key terminology and definitions

health

Provides definitions of core terms used throughout the standard, framing the concepts the exam draws upon.

Key Rules
  • Abuse; Activities of daily living (ADLs); Advance Care Planning (ACP); Assist with medication and the rights of assisting with medications
  • Care settings; Client; Client-centred care; Controlled Acts; Culturally safe care; Dementia (reversible/irreversible, primary/secondary)
  • End-of-life Care; Ethical; Family; Goals of Care Discussion; Holistic health care; Household management services; IADLs
  • Interprofessional team; Life-limiting illnesses; Life-threatening illnesses; Most accountable person; Neglect
  • Palliative Approach to Care; Palliative care; Person-centred care; Person-directed care; Plan of care; Professional; Recovery
  • Regulated health professionals; Responsive behaviours; Restorative care; Standard Precautions; Supportive Care; Therapeutic relationship; Unregulated care providers

18.VLO 6: Identify, Report and Document Client Information

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Complete Observations and Basic Assessments

health

Completing regular subjective and objective observations, basic assessments and reporting and recording of clients' status.

Key Rules
  • Review client's relevant information such as changes in status and services received, and report to appropriate team members
📌

Take and Record Vital Signs

health

Taking and recording pulse, blood pressure, respirations, oxygen saturation and temperature, comparing to baseline and reporting.

Key Rules
  • Record and report variations from client's baseline vital signs to supervisor, registered staff or responsible person
  • Identify potential sources of measurement error and implement corrective action
📌

Measure and Record Height and Weight

health

Measuring and recording height and weight accurately following the plan of care.

Key Rules
  • Record and report variations in clients' normal weight to supervisor or appropriate health team member
💬

Document Clearly and Concisely

communication

Documenting clearly and concisely using correct spelling, grammar, medical terminology and approved abbreviations.

Key Rules
  • Identify and use appropriate medical terminology when documenting or communicating with health professionals, clients and families
💬

Complete Documentation Thoroughly and Accurately

communication

Completing documentation including checklists, care flow sheets and narrative notes according to established policies.

Key Rules
  • Describe and adhere to the principles and legal obligations of documentation
  • Discuss methods of documenting and reporting client care information
  • Discuss how the client's plan of care can be used as a communication tool
💬

Document Changes Using Communication Technologies

communication

Documenting and communicating client care and changes in condition using communication tools and technologies.

Key Rules
  • Document according to employee policies and procedures (electronic and/or paper-based)
  • Use effective communication technologies to collect, transmit and record information
  • Discuss and utilize appropriate assessment instruments and systems
  • Discuss guidelines to protect privacy and confidentiality in documentation

19.VLO 6: Identify relevant client information and document findings

📌

Complete observations and reporting of client status

health

Covers completing regular subjective and objective observations, basic assessments, and reporting/recording of clients' status relevant to the plan of care.

Key Rules
  • Review client's relevant information such as status changes and services received, and report to appropriate team members
📌

Take and record vital signs accurately

health

Covers taking and recording pulse, blood pressure, respirations, oxygen saturation and temperature, comparing to baseline and reporting observations.

Key Rules
  • Record and report variations from baseline vital signs to appropriate personnel
  • Identify potential sources of measurement error and implement corrective action
📌

Measure and record height and weight

health

Covers measuring and recording height and weight accurately following the plan of care.

Key Rules
  • Record and report variations in clients' normal weight to supervisor or appropriate team member
💬

Document clearly using correct terminology

communication

Covers documenting clearly and concisely using correct spelling, grammar, medical terminology and approved abbreviations.

Key Rules
  • Identify and use appropriate medical terminology when documenting or communicating
💬

Complete documentation thoroughly and accurately

communication

Covers completing documentation such as checklists, care flow sheets and narrative notes thoroughly, accurately and per established policies.

Key Rules
  • Describe and adhere to principles and legal obligations of documentation
  • Discuss methods of documenting and reporting care information
  • Discuss how the plan of care can be used as a communication tool
💬

Document and communicate changes using technologies

communication

Covers documenting and communicating client care and changes in condition using communication tools and technologies in the workplace.

Key Rules
  • Document according to employer policies (electronic and/or paper-based)
  • Use communication technologies to collect, transmit and record information
  • Discuss and utilize assessment instruments and systems
  • Discuss guidelines to protect privacy and confidentiality in documentation

20.VLO 7: Create and Maintain a Safe and Comfortable Environment

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Comply with Health, Safety and Emergency Measures

infection

Complying with health, safety and emergency measures, applicable legislation and employer safety policies and procedures.

Key Rules
  • Discuss and adhere to the Occupational Health and Safety Act, R.S.O. 1990
  • Adhere to Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)
  • Locate and adhere to employer's safety policies including emergency preparedness plan and food safety training
  • Identify responsibilities related to the use of least restraints
📌

Identify and Report Safety Risks

infection

Identifying and reporting safety risks in the environment and taking measures to reduce or eliminate them.

Key Rules
  • Identify unsafe situations through an assessment of risks and take steps to prevent injury to clients, the PSW and others
📌

Implement Practices That Promote Safety

infection

Implementing practices that promote safety of the PSW, clients and others in the care setting.

Key Rules
  • Identify, report and document equipment and safety measures
  • Identify potential fire hazards and document actions taken in event of fire
  • Handle and store hazardous products safely following WHMIS standards
  • Identify, report and document fall risks and implement prevention techniques
  • Implement an individualized infection control plan per the plan of care
📌

Select and Use Personal Protective Equipment

infection

Selecting, putting on and taking off PPE and following infection prevention and control measures per policies and Public Health Ontario information.

Key Rules
  • Identify hazards of transmission of infections related to antibiotic resistant organisms
  • Identify steps to minimize cross contamination and transmission of micro-organisms
  • Identify steps to minimize impact of common public health issues
  • Identify and use routine practices including hand hygiene, PPE and environmental and administrative controls
📌

Identify Employer Emergency Protocols

infection

Identifying employer's emergency protocols and processes.

Key Rules
  • Know when and how to call for first responders such as paramedics, fire fighters and police
📌

Apply Emergency and First Aid Procedures

health

Applying appropriate emergency and first aid procedures and reporting and documenting them per employer policies.

Key Rules
  • Provide appropriate emergency and first aid to conscious and unconscious clients
  • Apply standards of CPR to infants, children and adults unless instructions against resuscitation are recorded in the plan of care
  • Recognize importance of maintaining First Aid and CPR certifications with a WSIB approved provider
📌

Complete Incident and Accident Reports

infection

Completing an incident/accident report following an unusual occurrence, near miss or workplace injury per policy and legislation.

Key Rules
  • Participate in the initiation of an incident report by immediate reporting of an unusual occurrence or workplace injury

21.VLO 7: Create and maintain a safe environment

📌

Comply with health, safety and emergency measures

infection

Covers complying with health, safety, and emergency measures, legislation and employer safety policies and procedures.

Key Rules
  • Discuss and adhere to the Occupational Health and Safety Act, R.S.O. 1990
  • Adhere to Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)
  • Locate and adhere to employer safety policies including emergency preparedness and food safety training
  • Identify responsibilities related to use of least restraints
📌

Identify and report safety risks in the environment

infection

Covers identifying and reporting safety risks in the environment and taking measures to reduce or eliminate them.

Key Rules
  • Identify unsafe situations through assessment of risks and take steps to prevent injury
📌

Implement practices that promote safety

infection

Covers implementing practices that promote safety of the PSW, clients and others in the care setting.

Key Rules
  • Identify, report and document equipment and safety measures
  • Identify potential fire hazards and document actions taken
  • Handle and store hazardous products safely following WHMIS
  • Identify and document risk of falls and implement prevention techniques
  • Implement an individualized infection control plan
📌

Select and use PPE and infection control measures

infection

Covers selecting, putting on and taking off PPE and following infection prevention and control measures per policies including Public Health Ontario guidance.

Key Rules
  • Identify hazards of transmission of antibiotic resistant organisms
  • Follow steps to minimize cross contamination and transmission of micro-organisms
  • Implement steps to minimize impact of common public health issues
  • Use routine practices including hand hygiene, PPE and environmental/administrative controls
📌

Identify employer's emergency protocols

infection

Covers identifying the employer's emergency protocols and processes.

Key Rules
  • Know when and how to call for first responders such as paramedics, fire fighters and police
📌

Apply emergency and first aid procedures

infection

Covers applying appropriate emergency and first aid procedures and reporting and documenting any given.

Key Rules
  • Provide emergency and first aid to conscious and unconscious clients
  • Apply CPR standards to infants, children and adults unless instructions against resuscitation are recorded
  • Recognize importance of maintaining First Aid and CPR certifications with a WSIB approved provider
📌

Complete an incident/accident report

infection

Covers completing an incident/accident report following an unusual occurrence, near miss or workplace injury per policy and legislation.

Key Rules
  • Participate in initiation of an incident report by immediate reporting of an unusual occurrence or workplace injury

22.General Education Requirement

💬

General education themes and purpose

communication

Describes the general education requirement providing breadth beyond the vocational field through defined themes.

Key Rules
  • Arts in society
  • Civic Life
  • Social and cultural understanding
  • Personal understanding
  • Science and technology

23.VLO 8: Assist Clients Across the Lifespan with Activities of Daily Living

📌

Support Client's Right to Direct Personal Care

personalcare

Identifying and supporting clients' right to make choices in directing their own personal care.

Key Rules
  • Assist in supporting the client's rights to safety, dignity, autonomy, respect, privacy and confidentiality in provision of personal care
📌

Respect Preferences, Independence, Pace and Space

personalcare

Respecting each client's personal and cultural preferences, level of independence, pace and space during routine ADLs.

Key Rules
  • Report to supervisor and document if additional time is needed
  • Advocate and encourage clients to identify personal and cultural preferences
  • Encourage clients to share their level of comfort during care
📌

Apply Knowledge of Body Systems and Conditions

familygrowth

Assisting with routine ADLs by applying knowledge of physical and mental health conditions, body function, aging and alterations in functioning.

Key Rules
  • Identify and apply knowledge of stages of normal growth and development
  • Identify and apply knowledge of the basic structure and function of all human body systems including musculoskeletal, digestive, urinary, integumentary, reproductive, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, endocrine and sensory systems and their age-related changes and common diseases
📌

Use Disease Prevention and Restorative Care Concepts

health

Using concepts of disease prevention, health promotion, convalescence, rehabilitation and restorative care to support maximum functional independence.

Key Rules
  • Identify basic concepts of disease and risk prevention and health promotion
  • Define and apply concepts of convalescence, rehabilitative and restorative care and modalities including physical, occupational, recreational and speech therapy
  • Discuss the concept of respite care
  • Identify barriers to clients' functioning and ways to resolve them
  • Recognize factors influencing behaviour of clients requiring assistance
  • Assist clients to maximize ability and minimize risk of harm
📌

Use Nutritional Support Techniques

health

Using nutritional support techniques specific to clients' needs and conditions in accordance with the plan of care and legislation.

Key Rules
  • Identify applicable legislation related to feeding and nutritional support techniques
  • Assist with safe eating practices and recognize difficulty with chewing or swallowing
  • Support dining as a social activity
  • Measure and record daily intake and output when requested
  • Identify enteral feeding methods, equipment, safety measures and complications
  • Identify common intravenous sites, equipment, safety measures and complications
📌

Provide Hygiene and Grooming Assistance

personalcare

Providing hygiene and grooming assistance according to the plan of care, legislation and client needs and preferences.

Key Rules
  • Identify applicable legislation related to grooming and hygiene
  • Complete perineal and menstrual care, skin care, full or partial bathing, mouth care, nail care, hair care, shaving, dressing, undressing, care of hearing aids and dentures within the PSW scope
📌

Assist with Bowel and Bladder Continence

personalcare

Assisting with measures to enhance bowel and bladder continence following the plan of care and legislation.

Key Rules
  • Use strategies to support continence and independence regarding toileting
  • Assist clients using a bedpan and dispose of contents following routine practices
  • Apply an external catheter using appropriate technique
  • Empty urinary drainage bag of permanent catheter using clean technique
  • Perform perineal care for clients with and without an indwelling catheter
  • Empty and change an ostomy bag as per plan of care
  • Collect urine and specimens using clean technique
  • Measure and record intake and output
📌

Position, Transfer, Move and Ambulate Clients

bodymechanics

Using proper body mechanics, assistive devices and techniques to safely position, transfer, move and ambulate clients.

Key Rules
  • Differentiate between weight bearing (partial and full), non-weight bearing, lifting and transferring
  • Assist clients with ambulation and active/passive range of motion exercises
  • Promote proper positioning and repositioning in bed and chair
  • Assist clients to move using appropriate transfer techniques and equipment
  • Provide for clients' and workers' safety using appropriate techniques
  • Identify and report changes in condition affecting transfer ability

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All chapters

← Back to the PSW study guide 1. VLO 1: Work Within the Personal Support Worker Role +72. VLO 3: Practice as an Engaged Interprofessional Team Member +54. VLO 8: Assist clients across the lifespan with activities of daily living +6

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