The New Jersey Driver License System +4New Jersey · Driving · English

In New Jersey, any person operating a motor vehicle must carry three specific documents at all times: a valid driver license (or permit/probationary license), a valid vehicle registration card, and a valid insurance card. Failure to present these documents to law enforcement upon request can result in penalties.

• ✓A motorist must carry a valid driver license, probationary license, or validated New Jersey permit.
• ✓The motorist must also carry valid insurance and vehicle registration cards.

A motorist holding a validated New Jersey driver permit is not allowed to drive alone. They must be accompanied by an appropriately licensed driver who meets the state's requirements for a supervising driver. This is a fundamental rule of the Graduated Driver License (GDL) program.

• ✓A motorist with a validated New Jersey driver permit must be accompanied by an appropriately licensed driver.
• ✓Driving alone with only a permit is a violation of GDL rules and will result in penalties.

All individuals in New Jersey who have never had a driver license must complete the state's Graduated Driver License (GDL) Program. This program introduces driving privileges in phases to ensure new drivers gain experience under controlled conditions before receiving an unrestricted license.

• ✓The GDL program is mandatory for all first-time drivers in New Jersey.
• ✓The program requires a period of supervised driving before a motorist can obtain a basic driver license at age 18.

As part of Kyleigh's Law, drivers under the age of 21 who possess a permit or probationary license are required to display two red, reflective decals on their vehicle's license plates. This allows law enforcement to easily identify GDL drivers and enforce restrictions.

• ✓Drivers under 21 with a special learner permit, examination permit, or probationary license must display two visible, reflective GDL decals.
• ✓The decals must be placed on the top left corner of both the front and rear license plates.

New Jersey has severe penalties for driver license fraud. Altering a driver license or presenting an altered license carries heavy fines, potential imprisonment, and a loss of driving privileges. Obtaining a license illegally is also a serious offense.

• ✓Altering a driver license can result in the loss of driving privilege, a fine of up to $1,000, and/or imprisonment.
• ✓Obtaining a driver license illegally may result in a fine of up to $500 and/or imprisonment.

The GDL program has specific age requirements for each stage. A motorist must be at least 16 for a permit, 17 for a probationary license, and 18 for a basic, unrestricted license.

• ✓The minimum age to obtain a Special Learner Permit is 16.
• ✓The minimum age to obtain a Probationary Automobile License is 17.
• ✓The minimum age to obtain a Basic Automobile License is 18.

All GDL restrictions, such as passenger limits, driving curfews, and the decal requirement, must be strictly followed. Failure to adhere to any of these restrictions will result in a penalty.

• ✓The penalty for failing to adhere to GDL restrictions is a fine of $100.
• ✓A violation of GDL restrictions may also result in a suspension of the motorist's driving privilege.

The 'Early Bird Road' is the GDL path for 16-year-olds. It requires completion of a driver training course and a mandatory supervised practice period before the driver can take the road test.

• ✓To get a Special Learner Permit at age 16, an applicant must be enrolled in an approved behind-the-wheel driver training course.
• ✓After getting the permit, the applicant must complete at least six months of supervised driving before being eligible for a probationary license.

After passing the road test at age 17, a motorist receives a Probationary License. This license allows for unsupervised driving but still carries GDL restrictions. This phase must be completed before obtaining a basic license.

• ✓A motorist must be at least 17 years old and have passed the MVC road test to get a Probationary License.
• ✓A motorist must practice unsupervised driving with a Probationary License for at least one year before they can get a Basic Driver License.

New Jersey law requires motorists to keep the Motor Vehicle Commission (MVC) updated with their current information. There are specific, strict deadlines for reporting changes to your address or legal name.

• ✓A motorist who changes addresses must report this change to the MVC within one week after moving.
• ✓A motorist who legally changes their name (e.g., through marriage, divorce) must report the change to the MVC within two weeks.

Motorists who move to New Jersey with a valid out-of-state driver license must transfer it to a New Jersey license within a specific timeframe. The out-of-state license must be surrendered upon receiving the NJ license.

• ✓A motorist with a valid out-of-state license must apply for a New Jersey license within 60 days of moving to the state, or before the current license expires, whichever is sooner.
• ✓Upon receiving a New Jersey license, the out-of-state license must be surrendered to the MVC.

To help enforce age-related laws, such as those concerning alcohol, New Jersey issues driver licenses in a different physical format for motorists under the age of 21. A standard license is valid for four years.

• ✓Motorists under 21 years of age are issued a distinctive vertical-format driver license.
• ✓A standard Basic Automobile License is valid for four years.

To obtain a basic New Jersey driver license, all applicants must successfully pass both a knowledge test and a vision screening. The knowledge test consists of 50 questions based on the official NJ Driver Manual, and the vision test ensures the applicant meets the state's minimum eyesight standards for safe driving.

• ✓Applicants must answer at least 40 out of 50 questions correctly, for a passing score of 80 percent.
• ✓The minimum vision requirement for a Basic Automobile License is 20/50 with or without corrective lenses.

Before taking the road test, Graduated Driver License (GDL) permit holders must complete a mandatory period of supervised practice driving. The required duration of this practice period varies based on the driver's age.

• ✓GDL permit holders under 21 years of age must have a minimum of six months of supervised practice driving before they can take the road test.
• ✓GDL permit holders who are 21 years old or over must have a minimum of three months of supervised practice driving before their road test.

Applicants must present a suitable vehicle and several required original documents for the road test. Failure to provide any of these items will result in the test being canceled. The vehicle must be properly registered, insured, and inspected.

• ✓The vehicle used for the test must have a valid inspection sticker, a valid registration card, and a valid insurance ID card.
• ✓If the applicant is subject to GDL requirements, two red GDL decals must be properly mounted on the vehicle's license plates.
• ✓The vehicle must provide the examiner with unobstructed access to either the foot brake or a parking brake located to the right of the driver.

After passing the road test, a new driver who has never been licensed before will be issued a probationary driver license. The MVC monitors the driving habits of all new drivers during this one-year probationary period.

• ✓If an applicant passes the road test, the examiner issues an authorization for licensing, which must be taken to an MVC Licensing Center.
• ✓A successful applicant who has never been licensed in any state will be issued a probationary driver license, and their driving habits will be monitored by the MVC for one year.

An MVC examiner will reject a vehicle for the road test if it has any defects that compromise its safe operation. It is the applicant's responsibility to ensure their vehicle is in proper working order before arriving for the test.

• ✓A vehicle will be rejected if the parking brake, brake lights, or signal lights are not working.
• ✓Reasons for rejection include unsafe tires, a dashboard brake warning light being on, or tinting on the driver and/or front door windows.
• ✓A vehicle may also be rejected if the examiner cannot access the foot brake or parking brake.

A permit holder is not allowed to drive the test vehicle alone at any point. A qualified, licensed driver must accompany the applicant to the test site and remain with them until the examiner begins the test.

• ✓A licensed driver must always remain in the vehicle with the applicant, even while waiting in the road test line.
• ✓The accompanying driver must hold a valid license for the type of vehicle being used for the test (e.g., a basic driver license for a car).

Nikhil's Law reinforces the importance of obeying traffic laws. As part of the licensing process, drivers are encouraged to take the Safety Pledge, committing to safe driving habits to protect themselves, their passengers, and others on the road.

• ✓The pledge includes a promise to 'STOP COMPLETELY' at all stop signs and never go through a red light.
• ✓The pledge also includes a commitment to 'TALK SAFE' by using a hands-free cell phone system and not texting or using a handset while driving.

When drivers from other states apply for a New Jersey license, their age determines the type of license they receive and the rules they must follow. Teenage drivers are subject to GDL requirements.

• ✓Out-of-state applicants between 17 and 18 years of age who possess a valid out-of-state license will be given a probationary license for one year.
• ✓Teen drivers transferring their license to New Jersey must comply with all of New Jersey’s GDL requirements and restrictions.

New Jersey law mandates that the driver and all passengers in a vehicle must wear a seatbelt. The driver is legally responsible for ensuring all passengers under 18 are buckled up. For GDL permit or probationary license holders, this rule is even stricter: they must require all passengers, regardless of age or seating position, to use seat belts. Failing to wear a seatbelt is a primary offense, meaning an officer can pull you over for that reason alone. Seat belts are proven to increase survival chances in a crash by 60%.

• ✓The driver and all passengers of a passenger vehicle must wear a seatbelt.
• ✓The driver is responsible for all passengers under the age of 18.
• ✓Motorists with GDL permits or probationary licenses must require all passengers seated anywhere in the vehicle to use seat belts.
• ✓The failure of a driver, front-seat passenger, or child under 18 to wear a seatbelt is a primary offense.

New Jersey has specific, strict laws for securing children in vehicles. The rules are based on age, weight, and height. A child under age 2 and weighing less than 30 pounds must be in a rear-facing car seat with a five-point harness. A child under age 4 and weighing less than 40 pounds must be in a rear- or forward-facing car seat with a five-point harness. Children under age 8 and less than 57 inches (4'9") tall must be in a forward-facing car seat or a booster seat. All children under 8 must ride in a rear seat, unless the vehicle has no rear seats. Failure to comply can result in a fine of $50 to $75.

• ✓Children under age 2 and weighing less than 30 pounds must ride in a federally approved rear-facing child passenger restraint system.
• ✓Children under age 8 who are less than 57 inches tall must ride in a federally approved forward-facing child restraint system or a booster seat.
• ✓All children under age 8 must be seated in a rear seat, unless there are no rear seats in the motor vehicle.
• ✓An infant seat must never be faced forward.

Air bags are a supplemental safety system designed to work with seat belts. They deploy at speeds up to 200 mph in a frontal crash. While they save adult lives, they can be extremely dangerous for children. It is critical to remember that children 12 years old and younger should always ride in the back seat. An infant in a rear-facing car seat must never be placed in the front seat of a vehicle with a passenger-side air bag.

• ✓Air bags inflate at speeds of up to 200 mph to protect adults in a front-end crash.
• ✓Always be sure that children 12 years old and younger ride in the backseat of the vehicle.
• ✓Always put an infant in a rear-facing infant child safety seat in the back seat of a vehicle with air bags.

It is the vehicle owner's responsibility to keep their car in good working order. Before driving, you should check several key components. Brakes should be able to stop the vehicle within 25 feet at 20 mph. Tires must have at least 1/16 inch of tread. Windshields must be free of cracks or chips. Additionally, state law requires motorists to remove all snow and ice from their vehicle before driving, with fines from $25 to $75, and up to $1,500 if the dislodged snow or ice causes injury or damage.

• ✓A vehicle's brakes should be able to stop it within 25 feet at 20 mph.
• ✓Tires must have a minimum of 1/16 inch of tread.
• ✓State law (N.J.S.A. 39:4-77.1) requires a motorist to remove snow or ice from a vehicle before driving it.
• ✓With an anti-lock braking system (ABS), a motorist should apply steady pressure to the brake pedal and never pump an ABS.

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas in a vehicle's exhaust that can be fatal. Certain conditions can cause it to accumulate to dangerous levels, such as operating a vehicle with an exhaust leak, a blocked tailpipe (e.g., by snow), or idling in a confined space like a garage. Common symptoms include headache, dizziness, nausea, and loss of consciousness. If you suspect someone has CO poisoning, immediately remove them from the source and call 911.

• ✓Operating a vehicle with an exhaust leak or a blocked tailpipe can cause dangerous levels of carbon monoxide.
• ✓Idling a vehicle in a garage or confined space can lead to CO poisoning, even with the garage door open.
• ✓Common symptoms of CO poisoning are headache, dizziness, loss of consciousness, and nausea/vomiting.

To reduce air pollution, New Jersey law restricts most vehicle idling to three minutes or less. This includes while waiting in parking lots or on the side of the road. There are exceptions for situations like being stuck in traffic. Violating this law can lead to significant fines ranging from $250 to $1,000 for each offense.

• ✓New Jersey law requires all motorists to restrict vehicle idling to three minutes or less.
• ✓Vehicle and property owners face fines of $250 to $1,000 for each violation of the idling law.

A driver must understand that many factors affect how long it takes to stop a vehicle. These include motorist reaction time, weather conditions, vehicle weight, the condition of the brakes and tires, and roadway conditions. The single most significant factor is speed. The faster a vehicle is traveling, the longer it will take to stop. For example, the total stopping distance at 60 mph is 343 feet, which is more than the length of a football field.

• ✓Stopping distance is determined by motorist reaction time, weather, vehicle weight, brake/tire conditions, roadway conditions, and speed.
• ✓The faster a vehicle is going, the longer it will take it to stop.
• ✓A motorist's typical reaction time is 3/4 of a second.

Correct hand position on the steering wheel is crucial for vehicle control and safety, especially in cars with air bags. A motorist should grip the wheel on the outside rim at the 9 and 3 o'clock positions. This grip reduces the risk of injury if the air bag deploys. Both hands should remain on the wheel at all times except when shifting gears or giving hand signals. For sharp turns, hand-over-hand steering should be used.

• ✓For normal driving, a motorist should grip the steering wheel by the outside rim at the 9 and 3 o’clock positions.
• ✓Both hands should be kept on the wheel at all times, except when shifting gears or giving hand signals.
• ✓Hand-over-hand steering is well suited for steering through curves and at intersections.

Before starting a car, a motorist must perform a series of checks. This includes ensuring all windows are clean, adjusting the seat and mirrors, and fastening the seatbelt. It is crucial to check for blind spots, which are areas around the vehicle that cannot be seen in the mirrors. To check blind spots, a motorist must physically turn their head. Before moving, you should also look in front of and behind the vehicle for pedestrians or objects.

• ✓Before getting into a vehicle, a motorist should look both behind it and in front of it.
• ✓Blind spots are areas where a motorist cannot see behind his/her vehicle through the mirrors.
• ✓To check blind spots, a motorist must turn his/her head.
• ✓Over 95 percent of the information a motorist needs is visual.

In New Jersey, specific speed limits are set by law for various types of roads. Unless a different speed is posted, motorists must adhere to these default limits. Exceeding the speed limit is a common cause of fatal crashes. It is crucial to know these limits for school, business, residential, and rural areas.

• ✓The speed limit is 25 mph in school zones, business districts, or residential districts.
• ✓The speed limit is 35 mph in suburban business and residential districts.
• ✓The speed limit is 50 mph on non-posted rural roadways.
• ✓Never drive faster than weather, road, or other conditions safely allow, regardless of the posted speed limit.

The lines painted on the center of the road indicate when it is legal and safe to pass another vehicle. A motorist must be able to interpret solid and broken lines to know the rules for passing.

• ✓When both center lines are solid, no passing is allowed.
• ✓When one center line is broken, passing is allowed only on the side with the broken line.
• ✓When both center lines are broken, passing is allowed on both sides.

For safety reasons, passing other vehicles is illegal in several specific situations and locations, regardless of the lane markings. These rules are designed to prevent collisions where visibility is limited or potential conflicts are high.

• ✓A motorist must not pass at a street crossing, intersection, or railroad crossing.
• ✓Passing is prohibited on a hill, a curve, in a tunnel, or in an underpass.
• ✓Never pass a vehicle that has stopped to let a pedestrian cross.

New Jersey law requires motorists to yield the right-of-way in specific situations to ensure a safe and orderly flow of traffic. A motorist should always be prepared to yield, even if they believe they have the right-of-way.

• ✓A motorist must yield to emergency vehicles when they are using sirens or flashing lights.
• ✓A motorist must yield to buses and postal vehicles when they are re-entering the flow of traffic.
• ✓A motorist must yield to pedestrians in a crosswalk and to motorized or mobility-assistance devices seeking to cross a road.

New Jersey law is very strict regarding pedestrian safety. Motorists must stop for pedestrians in crosswalks and face severe penalties for failing to do so. Pedestrian safety is considered a shared responsibility, but motorists are held responsible for maintaining it.

• ✓A motorist must stop for pedestrians in crosswalks.
• ✓Failure to stop for a pedestrian in a crosswalk carries a fine of up to $500, up to 25 days in jail, a driving privilege suspension of up to 6 months, and 2 points.
• ✓Never pass another vehicle that has stopped for a pedestrian.

A controlled intersection has traffic signals, signs, or a police officer directing traffic. Motorists must obey these controls and follow specific yielding rules, especially at multi-way stops or when making left turns.

• ✓At a multi-way stop or stop intersection, a motorist must yield to the motorist on the right if both get there at the same time.
• ✓When making a left turn at an intersection, a motorist must yield to oncoming traffic and stop for pedestrians within the crosswalk.
• ✓Driving on private property to avoid a traffic signal or sign is a motor vehicle violation.

An uncontrolled intersection has no traffic signals or signs. When approaching one, a motorist must reduce speed and be ready to stop. The general rule is to yield to traffic on the right.

• ✓As a general rule for uncontrolled intersections, the vehicle on the left should yield to the vehicle on the right.
• ✓A motorist coming from a private road or driveway must yield to all traffic on the main road.
• ✓A traffic signal that is not working (not illuminated) should be treated as a 4-way stop.

New Jersey law permits a motorist to make a right turn at a red light after coming to a full stop, unless a 'No Turn on Red' sign is posted. The motorist must first yield to all oncoming traffic and pedestrians.

• ✓Unless a 'No Turn on Red' sign is posted, a right turn on a red light is authorized after a motorist comes to a full stop and checks for traffic.
• ✓A motorist must yield to all oncoming traffic and pedestrians before turning right at a red light.
• ✓A proper turn signal must be used at least 100 feet before making the turn.

Motorists must stop at a specific distance from railroad crossings when warning signals are active. These signals include flashing red lights, ringing bells, and descending or lowered gates. It is critical to obey these signals to avoid a collision with a train.

• ✓A motorist must stop at least 15 feet from a railroad crossing when there are flashing red lights, ringing bells, or lowered gates.
• ✓Never attempt to cross until the gates have been raised, the bells have stopped, and the red lights have stopped flashing.
• ✓Be prepared to stop behind vehicles that are required to stop at all crossings, such as school buses.

New Jersey has strict laws requiring motorists to stop for school buses with flashing red lights to protect children. The rules vary depending on the type of road.

• ✓On a two-lane road or multi-lane highway without a median, motorists must stop at least 25 feet away from a school bus with flashing red lights.
• ✓When traveling on a dual-lane highway, a motorist must slow to 10 mph if on the other side of a safety island or raised median.
• ✓If a school bus is stopped directly in front of a school to pick up or let off children, a motorist may pass from either direction at a speed of no more than 10 mph.

New Jersey law requires all motorists to yield to emergency vehicles when they are responding to a call with sirens and/or flashing lights. This action is critical to allow first responders to reach an emergency quickly and safely.

• ✓A motorist must yield to emergency vehicles when they sound sirens and/or have flashing red or blue lights.
• ✓When an emergency vehicle approaches, a motorist should steer to the extreme right of the roadway, stop, and wait for the vehicle to pass.

New Jersey designates certain high-crash-rate highways as 'Safe Corridors' to improve safety. On these designated highways, fines are doubled for various moving violations, including speeding and aggressive driving. Additionally, there are specific penalties for significantly exceeding the 65 mph speed limit.

• ✓Fines are doubled on various state highways for speeding and aggressive driving in designated Safe Corridors.
• ✓Motorists pay double fines for exceeding the 65 mph limit by 10 miles per hour or more.
• ✓Double fines also apply to most other moving violations committed in a 65 mph zone.

Highways, parkways, and turnpikes have specific lanes for entering and exiting. Acceleration lanes are used to speed up to join traffic, while deceleration lanes are for slowing down to exit. It is illegal and dangerous to stop in these lanes or back up on an exit ramp.

• ✓When entering a highway, use the acceleration lane to speed up to the flow of traffic and yield to traffic already on the main road.
• ✓When leaving a highway, start slowing down when entering the deceleration lane.
• ✓If you miss an exit, go on to the next one; never back up on an exit ramp or deceleration lane.

When a frozen dessert truck is stopped with its red lights flashing and stop arm extended, motorists must follow a specific procedure to ensure the safety of children who may be crossing the street.

• ✓When approaching a frozen dessert truck with flashing red lights, you must stop first.
• ✓After stopping, you may then drive past the truck at a speed of no more than 15 mph.
• ✓You must yield the right-of-way to any person crossing the roadway to or from the truck.

Driving while fatigued is extremely dangerous and can be as hazardous as drunk driving. New Jersey's "Maggie’s Law," enacted in 2003, makes it illegal to knowingly operate a vehicle while impaired by lack of sleep. This law establishes driving while fatigued as recklessness under the vehicular homicide statute.

• ✓Maggie’s Law makes it illegal to knowingly drive a vehicle while impaired by lack of sleep.
• ✓To avoid 'highway hypnosis' on long trips, rest every two hours and avoid looking at any one thing for more than a few seconds.

Maintaining a safe following distance is critical to prevent rear-end collisions. The manual provides two key methods: the 'one car length' rule and the 'three-seconds-plus' rule. The three-second rule is considered more practical as it works at any speed and should be increased in poor weather.

• ✓The 'one car length' rule suggests keeping one car length (about 20 feet) of distance for each 10 mph of speed.
• ✓The 'three-seconds-plus rule' is a method to ensure a safe following distance; this should be increased to four or more seconds during bad weather.

Standard following distances are for ideal conditions only. When driving on wet, gravel, snow, or ice-covered roads, you must significantly increase your following distance to account for longer stopping times. The manual provides specific minimums in car lengths for these situations.

• ✓On wet pavement, the minimum following distance is double the ideal distance (e.g., 6 car lengths at 30 mph).
• ✓On packed snow, the minimum following distance is triple the ideal distance (e.g., 9 car lengths at 30 mph).

Driving on wet roads presents a significant danger of hydroplaning, where tires lose contact with the road and ride on a film of water. This can begin at speeds as low as 35 mph. At 55 mph, tires may lose all contact with the road surface, making braking and steering impossible.

• ✓Hydroplaning can start at speeds of about 35 mph.
• ✓To avoid hydroplaning, slow down when heavy rain or standing water is present and ensure tires are not bald or badly worn.

Winter driving requires special precautions. Under New Jersey law, a motorist is required to remove all snow and ice from their entire vehicle before driving. A motorist is legally responsible for any injury or property damage caused by ice flying from their vehicle.

• ✓A motorist is responsible for any ice that flies from their vehicle and causes death, injury, or property damage.
• ✓In New Jersey, studded snow tires are legally permitted for use between November 15 and April 1.

Driving at night is more dangerous because visibility is limited. You should drive slowly enough to be able to stop within the distance you can see ahead with your headlights. A specific New Jersey law mandates headlight use in certain weather conditions.

• ✓State law requires headlights to be on when windshield wipers are in use.
• ✓At night, drive within the range of your vehicle's headlights, ensuring you can stop within the distance you see ahead.

Work zones present unexpected dangers. To enhance safety, New Jersey has specific penalties for violations in these areas. Motorists must pay close attention to signs, flaggers, and posted speed limits, as workers and unexpected stops may be present.

• ✓In New Jersey, traffic fines are doubled for motor vehicle violations committed in roadway construction zones.
• ✓When driving through a work zone, do not tailgate, as unexpected stops or slowing may occur.

The New Jersey Driver Manual outlines a standard crash-prevention formula to reduce the chances of a collision. This three-part formula emphasizes being constantly aware, anticipating potential hazards, and knowing how to react in time to avoid a crash. It is a core principle of defensive driving.

• ✓Be alert: Never assume another motorist will not make a driving mistake.
• ✓Be prepared: Know what to do in any situation where you have to act fast and always expect the unexpected.
• ✓Act in time: Try not to panic and know what to do if something happens suddenly.

Aggressive driving is defined as a series of unlawful driving actions, such as speeding, tailgating, or making erratic lane changes. Extreme cases can escalate to road rage, where motorists lose their temper. New Jersey has a dedicated campaign to stop aggressive driving, and motorists can report incidents.

• ✓Aggressive driving includes actions like disregarding traffic signals, failing to yield, and following too closely.
• ✓To report an aggressive motorist in New Jersey, call (888) SAF-ROAD or #77 from a cell phone.

When passing another vehicle, a motorist must ensure it is safe and legal. When another vehicle is passing you, New Jersey law requires you to be courteous and careful. You must stay in your lane and slow down to make the pass easier and safer for the other driver.

• ✓When another vehicle is passing you, you must slow down to make the pass easier for the other motorist.
• ✓After passing a vehicle, return to the right lane only when the vehicle you passed is visible in your rearview mirror.

To reduce air pollution, New Jersey law restricts vehicle idling. A motorist is prohibited from allowing their vehicle to idle for more than three consecutive minutes. There are exceptions, such as being stopped in traffic or for emergency vehicles.

• ✓Motorists are prohibited from allowing their motor vehicle to idle for more than three consecutive minutes.
• ✓Exceptions to the 3-minute idling rule include vehicles stopped in traffic, vehicles being repaired, and buses while picking up or discharging passengers.

When visibility is reduced by conditions like fog, frost, or sun glare, drivers must adjust their driving. In fog, use low beams. On snow-covered roads, a following distance of six seconds or more is recommended. If visibility is severely reduced, pull over to a safe area and use emergency flashers.

• ✓When driving in fog, headlights should be kept on low beam.
• ✓On snow-covered roads, a good rule is to maintain a following distance of six seconds or more.

City driving requires extra vigilance due to heavy traffic and pedestrians. A motorist should look at least 12 seconds ahead, which is about one block at 25 mph. It is critical to remember that pedestrians have the right-of-way in all crosswalks.

• ✓In city driving, a motorist should look at least 12 seconds ahead.
• ✓Motorists must always stop for pedestrians in a crosswalk, whether the crosswalk is marked or unmarked.